http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T15742379
Interpretation on Military Landscape of Bukhansanseong for World Heritage Inscription
This paper focuses on the value–based interpretation on military landscape of Bukhansanseong for World Heritage nomination, in the framework of ICOFORT Charter. ICOFORT Charter has provided an important guideline for protection, conservation and interpretation on fortifications and related heritage. The Charter has distinguished fortifications and related Heritage from other types of heritage, in terms of value including architectural and technical value, territorial geographical value, cultural landscape value, strategic value, anthropological value, memory, identity and educational value, historic value, and social Economic value. Moreover, the defense system and surrounding environment for fortifications should be considered in the interpretations. So to speak, cultural landscape value with symbolism, socio-historical background along with historical layer, and defense strategy of the fortifications and related heritage should be significantly interpretated along with tangible characteristics,
The studying results can be summarized as follows: First, Bukhansanseong Fortress was representing fortress construction technology in the 18th century that was revealed in the walls and attached facilities of the fortress. It is a huge mountain fortress that took shortly six month for construction in 1711. Bukhansanseong is located in the highest and steepest mountainous area at the hinterland of Seoul, carrying its value as a refuge and security place for the capital city of Hanyang.
Second, the fortress walls revealed different types by the ruggedness of terrain, including high stone-filed wall, middle stone-filed wall, and low stone-filed wall. The fortress built its outer walls along with 32 mountain peaks creating very unique mountain military landscape of Bukhansan, where 16 gates, inner walled fortress, and 3 military camp sites and others are located. The components of Bukhansanseong military landscapes contain fortress walls on the natural hilly terrain, Bukhan Haenggung site(the emergency palace), government building sites, and warehouse sites along with watch stations and their attached facilities.
Third, the strategic value of Bukhansanseong Fortress was combined with Hanyangdoseong defensive system, which was connecting Tangchundaeseong Fortress to Bukhansanseong Fortress. This integrated capital city defensive system combined Seoul city wall with its hinterland mountain fortresses such as Tangchundaeseong and Bukhansanseong in the 18th century was an exceptional example not only in East Asia but also in the world.
Fourth, in terms of anthropological value, Bukhansanseong Fortress embodied the spirit of dynasty’s compassion to be with its people to the end. The Chosun dynasty has maintained and preserved the fortress facilities over three hundreds years after its construction. Fifth, Bukhansanseong Fortress has been lasted from the Three Kingdoms period to the present, having various historical layers. Even today, over 5 million people each year are visiting Bukhansanseong for hiking and mountain climbing, carrying special meaning to local communities.
The Bukhansanseong Fortress is considered under the criteria (iii), (iv), and (v) for World Heritage nomination. It clearly fulfills the authenticity in terms of form and design, materials and subsistance and other attributes. The stone fortress wall has mostly been intact. Although the function of the fortress has slightly changed from emergency refuge for royal family and ordinary people of the capital city, to royal library and royal document archieve, to scenic attraction points, main strategic position has been kept able to defend capital region until now.
In conclusion, Bukhansanseong Fortress would have outstanding universal value enough to nominate on the World Heritage List as a military cultural landscape in combining Hanyangdoseong-Tangchundaeseong-Bukhansanseong together as capital city defensive system during the 18th century, as indicated in ICOFORT Charter. However, further discussion will be needed between different stakeholder including Gyonggi Province, Goyang city, and Seoul Metropolitan Government whether to be single or serial nominations.
The studying results can be summarized as follows: First, Bukhansanseong Fortress was representing fortress construction technology in the 18th century that was revealed in the walls and attached facilities of the fortress. It is a huge mountain fortress that took shortly six month for construction in 1711. Bukhansanseong is located in the highest and steepest mountainous area at the hinterland of Seoul, carrying its value as a refuge and security place for the capital city of Hanyang.
Second, the fortress walls revealed different types by the ruggedness of terrain, including high stone-filed wall, middle stone-filed wall, and low stone-filed wall. The fortress built its outer walls along with 32 mountain peaks creating very unique mountain military landscape of Bukhansan, where 16 gates, inner walled fortress, and 3 military camp sites and others are located. The components of Bukhansanseong military landscapes contain fortress walls on the natural hilly terrain, Bukhan Haenggung site(the emergency palace), government building sites, and warehouse sites along with watch stations and their attached facilities.
Third, the strategic value of Bukhansanseong Fortress was combined with Hanyangdoseong defensive system, which was connecting Tangchundaeseong Fortress to Bukhansanseong Fortress. This integrated capital city defensive system combined Seoul city wall with its hinterland mountain fortresses such as Tangchundaeseong and Bukhansanseong in the 18th century was an exceptional example not only in East Asia but also in the world.
Fourth, in terms of anthropological value, Bukhansanseong Fortress embodied the spirit of dynasty’s compassion to be with its people to the end. The Chosun dynasty has maintained and preserved the fortress facilities over three hundreds years after its construction. Fifth, Bukhansanseong Fortress has been lasted from the Three Kingdoms period to the present, having various historical layers. Even today, over 5 million people each year are visiting Bukhansanseong for hiking and mountain climbing, carrying special meaning to local communities.
The Bukhansanseong Fortress is considered under the criteria (iii), (iv), and (v) for World Heritage nomination. It clearly fulfills the authenticity in terms of form and design, materials and subsistance and other attributes. The stone fortress wall has mostly been intact. Although the function of the fortress has slightly changed from emergency refuge for royal family and ordinary people of the capital city, to royal library and royal document archieve, to scenic attraction points, main strategic position has been kept able to defend capital region until now.
In conclusion, Bukhansanseong Fortress would have outstanding universal value enough to nominate on the World Heritage List as a military cultural landscape in combining Hanyangdoseong-Tangchundaeseong-Bukhansanseong together as capital city defensive system during the 18th century, as indicated in ICOFORT Charter. However, further discussion will be needed between different stakeholder including Gyonggi Province, Goyang city, and Seoul Metropolitan Government whether to be single or serial nominations.
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